What is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is an infection caused by a corona type virus (common cold virus). Those affected by SARS develop a fever (higher than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or 38 degrees Centigrade). Chest symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing often develop within a few days.

In some cases breathing becomes increasingly severe and people require oxygen or a ventilator. Other symptoms of SARS include muscle aches, weakness, headaches, diarrhea and sore throat. These symptoms can begin before the fever appears.

How is SARS spread?

SARS is likely spread by "droplet" infection. This means that someone may get infected if they are directly exposed to "the cough" of someone with SARS. The virus is also present in other body fluids such as saliva, urine, and feces. It is believed that the virus can survive in fecal matter for 1.5 to 2 days. So, if someone touches infected objects and then touches their mouth, nose, or eyes there is a possibility of infection. In some cases it is still not certain how SARS spreads.

How is SARS Diagnosed?

A laboratory test to diagnose SARS is under development. Currently, medical professionals are using the following criteria to diagnose SARS:

• people who have recently traveled to affected countries or who have had close contact with persons diagnosed with SARS; and
• who develop a fever (over 38.0 degrees Centigrade)*; and
• have one or more of the following respiratory symptoms: cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
• *Fever is present when the body temperature exceeds:
  • 37.5 °C [99.5 °F], measured orally
  • 38.0 °C [100.4 °F], measured rectally
  • 37.3 °C [99.1 °F], measured under the arm (axillary)
  • 38.0 °C [100.4 °F], measured in the ear (external auditory canal)

*Source: Chamberlain JM et al. 1994, Chamberlain JM et al. 1995.

What is the difference between a "suspect case" and a "probable case" of SARS?

The definition between a "suspect case" and a "probably case" of SARS changes as new knowledge is gained. To see the most current definitions click here.

Is there a vaccine for SARS?

At this time there is no vaccine against the SARS virus.

Who is at risk of getting SARS?

As a member of the general public, there is little risk of being exposed to SARS if there are no documented cases in your community or work setting. Those who are at greatest risk are people who are in close contacts with those infected with active SARS. This includes family members and healthcare professionals who care for patients with SARS. Other patients and visitors are also at risk if they are exposed to SARS while in a hospital.

How can I protect myself from getting SARS?

The best way to protect yourself is thorough frequent hand washing. The use of masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended for people at potential risk for exposure. To obtain further information on PPE click here.

How is SARS Treated?

Isolation is required for people who develop SARS. This is typically done in a special isolation room in a hospital however, milder cases can be treated at home. Isolation is important as it minimizes the spread of the disease. There in no known medication to cure SARS but with supportive care, most individuals with SARS recover although it may take a long time to get completely well. In some cases, the medication Ribavarin has been tried but to date it doesn't seem to be effective.

How many patients with SARS require a breathing tube or ventilator?

Only 10 % of patients who develop SARS require a breathing tube. A breathing tube is an apparatus that is inserted down a patient's throat to assist in breathing. Most patients who get sick will recover without needing a breathing tube.

What is the survival rate from SARS?

Between 85-90% of patients who develop SARS will get better. Between November 1, 2002 and June 4, 2003, a total of 8,402 SARS cases were reported to the World Health Organization from 29 countries. Out of the 8,402 reported SARS cases, 772 died. This means for every 100 cases of SARS approximately 9 people die. If you would like to see World Health Organization cumulative numbers of reported cases of SARS, click here.

Most of the deaths occurred in the elderly and in people with other illnesses such as Diabetes.

What should I do if I may have been exposed to SARS?

If you think you may have been exposed to SARS you should contact your local public health unit, local telephone health line or your family doctor to determine if quarantine is required. Please check with your local Health Unit as to how long you should remain in quarantine and the rules about wearing a mask, your workplace and living with other family members. Typically, most people are required to stay in quarantine for at least 10 days after possible exposure to SARS. Almost all cases of SARS develop with 10 days of being exposed. These 10 days are known as the "incubation period" of the disease.

If you don't know how to take your temperature or which thermometer to use please visit this website (please note that we are not endorsing the use of any products and links are for your information only).

What should I do if I may be getting sick with SARS?

Most often, people who are getting sick with SARS develop a fever or more than 38 degrees Centigrade. Sometimes, a few days before the fever starts a person develops muscles aches and weakness. Currently, muscle aches and weakness are not considered SARS if the person does not have a fever.

If you think that you're getting sick, make sure to wear a mask and seek advice from a qualified health professional in your community. If you must leave home to go to a hospital, make sure to wear a mask to prevent the possible spreading of the disease to others. It's a good idea to call ahead to inform the hospital of your arrival. If you don't have a mask you may consider calling an ambulance to get you safely to the hospital.

For more information about SARS, please visit our section titled Frequently Asked Questions.

Sources: Canadian Medical Association Journal, CDC Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Health Canada.